What Trans Women Should Know About Prostate Cancer

You probably don’t spend a lot of time thinking about your prostate. After all, it’s located inside of your body, out of sight (just below your bladder and in front of your rectum, to be specific). But prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer — so it may be time to start giving it some thought.

Frustratingly, many conversations about prostate health are only targeted at cisgender men (people whose gender identity corresponds with what they were assigned at birth). But if you’re a transgender woman or a nonbinary person assigned male at birth, you have a prostate, too, so you need to know all about prostate health and what symptoms to be on the lookout for.

LGBTQIA+ health specialist Henry Ng, MD, shares what you need to know about prostate cancer, including warning signs and when to get screened.

Can trans women get prostate cancer?

Yes. Anyone who has a prostate, including transgender women and nonbinary people assigned male at birth, can get prostate cancer. Even if you’ve had some type of gender-affirming genital surgery (sometimes, known as bottom surgery), you still likely have a prostate.

“There are various types of gender-affirming genital surgeries, but generally, the prostate isn’t removed during any of them,” Dr. Ng explains. “Because of the prostate’s location and its proximity to the bladder, removing it could be a threat to continence and bladder function.”

How common is prostate cancer in trans women?

Most of the current research into prostate cancer was done on cisgender men, so most of the current statistics about prostate cancer are focused on that population. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that about 13% of American men will get prostate cancer during their lifetime.

The statistics may or may not be the same for trans women.

“A lot of people who work in transgender health think that trans women are probably at lower risk to develop prostate cancer, in part because of hormonal changes like lower testosterone,” Dr. Ng says. “But we don’t know that for sure, and there are case reports and studies around prostate cancer in trans women, so we know prostate cancer does occur.”

Trans women who participated in a 2010 study were found to have lower levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA, a protein made by the prostate) than cisgender men; high PSA levels can be an indicator of prostate cancer. But it’s important to note that all women in the study had an orchiectomy (testicular removal surgery) and low levels of testosterone, and most were on estrogen replacement therapy.

In general, the risk of prostate cancer increases as you get older, with about 60% of prostate cancers occurring over age 65. Most of the reported cases of prostate cancer in trans women have been in women who started gender-affirming hormone therapy after age 50 — but because prostate cancer often grows very slowly, the study notes that their tumors might’ve gone undiagnosed before they started hormones.

Signs of prostate cancer in trans women

“To our knowledge, the symptoms of prostate cancer aren’t very different between transgender people and cisgender people,” Dr. Ng says. “For the most part, everyone who has a prostate can have the same types of symptoms.”

Symptoms of prostate cancer may include:

• A frequent and sometimes urgent need to pee (especially at night).
• Weak urine flow or flow that starts and stops.
• Pain or burning when you pee.
• Loss of bladder control and/or bowel control.
• Pain in your low back, hips or chest.
• Blood in your urine.

But there are a few other symptoms of prostate cancer that you might not experience or notice.

Some symptoms could be masked

Some possible symptoms of prostate cancer could be different or nonexistent for trans women, depending on whether you’ve had gender-affirming genital surgery and if you’re on hormones.

If you haven’t had gender-affirming genital surgery and aren’t on gender-affirming hormones, you could experience symptoms like:

• Blood in your semen.
• Erectile dysfunction (ED).
• Painful ejaculation.

But what if you haven’t had gender-affirming genital surgery and you are on hormones? “These symptoms may be masked or be things that are not possible for you anymore,” Dr. Ng states.

That’s because gender-affirming hormones are known to cause changes in sexual function.

“When your testosterone levels are lower, you can typically still experience orgasms and pleasure, but erection function changes,” Dr. Ng explains. “This is an expected change for many people who are on gender-affirming hormonal therapy, but it could mask some symptoms of prostate cancer.”

Prostate cancer after gender-affirming surgery

If you’ve had some type of gender-affirming genital surgery, symptoms like erectile dysfunction and painful ejaculation inherently won’t apply to you. But there are other things you need to know — namely that after surgery, it can take a little bit of time for your body to restore normal urinary function.

“It takes a while for those tissues and muscles to reacclimate,” Dr. Ng says. “You might have some changes in urination for a while, like a change in your urine stream — but that’s not a problem with your prostate. It’s just your body finding a new normal during the post-operative period.”

But once your body has reacclimated, be aware of any new or concerning changes, like blood in your urine. It’s not necessarily a sign of prostate cancer (it could also be a urinary tract infection or a bladder issue), but you’ll want to ask your healthcare provider about it.

Trans women may have fewer symptoms

The symptoms of prostate cancer are thought to be less frequent in trans women — but that’s not necessarily because they don’t happen.

“We don’t know if that’s because we’re not diagnosing it in trans women,” Dr. Ng concedes. “There can be issues related to getting care, trusting the system and having those types of conversations with healthcare providers.”

It’s not always easy to find a healthcare provider you click with, and that can be especially true for members of the LGBTQIA+ community. But finding a provider who’s welcoming and affirming can help you feel more comfortable talking about your body and health.

When to get screened for prostate cancer

Right now, there aren’t any trans-specific screening guidelines for prostate cancer. But the American Urological Association’s most recent guidelines apply to all “people for whom prostate cancer screening would be appropriate.”

According to those guidelines, you should have a prostate cancer screening every two to four years starting at age 50. Screenings typically stop after age 70 or 75. But ask your healthcare provider about being screened sooner if you know you’re at a higher risk for prostate cancer, like if you have:

• Black ancestry.
• A strong biological family history of prostate cancer.
• An inherited gene mutation like BRCA1 or BRCA2.
• Lynch syndrome.

“If have a prostate, you are at risk for prostate-related health issues,” Dr. Ng reiterates. “It’s important to be aware of your body and any possible symptoms.”